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• December 2007 - Carbohydrate quantity and quality in relation to body mass index.

  Carbohydrate Quantity and Quality in Relation to Body Mass Index.

  Gaesser GA.
  Department of Human Services,
  University of Virginia, Charlottesville 22904-4407, USA. gag2q@virginia.edu
  J Am Diet Assoc. 2007 Oct;107(10):1768-80.

  The increased prevalence of overweight and obesity in the United States since approximately 1980 is temporally associated with an increase in carbohydrate intake, with no appreciable change in absolute intake of fat. Despite speculation that both carbohydrate quantity and quality have contributed significantly to excess weight gain, the relationship between carbohydrate intake and body mass index (BMI) is controversial. A review of relevant literature indicates that most epidemiologic studies show an inverse relationship between carbohydrate intake and BMI, even when controlling for potential confounders. These observational studies are supported by results from a number of dietary intervention studies wherein modest reductions in body weight were observed with an ad libitum, low-fat, high-carbohydrate diet without emphasis on energy restriction or weight loss. With few exceptions, high glycemic load is associated with lower BMI, even when adjusted for total energy intake. Data on the association between glycemic index and BMI are not as consistent, with more studies showing either no association or an inverse relationship, rather than a positive relationship. Whole-grain intake is generally inversely associated with BMI; refined grain intake is not. Because overall dietary quality tends to be higher for high-carbohydrate diets, a low-fat dietary strategy with emphasis on fiber-rich carbohydrates, particularly cereal fiber, may be beneficial for health and weight control.

  Link to abstract

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• October 2007 - New Resources: Navigating Your Eating Environment, Sugars and Health

  New Resources: Navigating Your Eating Environment, Sugars and Health

  The Canadian Sugar Institute (CSI) Nutrition Information Service is pleased to provide you with the latest edition of our annual health professional publication, Carbohydrate News, and our annual consumer resource, Clips on Sugars.

  • Carbohydrate News – Navigating Your Eating Environment (PDF Format)

  • Clips on Sugars – Sugars and Health (PDF Format)

  This edition of Carbohydrate News features an article by Dr. Brian Wansink from Cornell University, on the complexity of decisions related to food consumption. Also included are highlights of a recent consumer survey on knowledge and attitudes towards carbohydrates and sugars.
  

  This edition of Clips on Sugars addresses common issues related to sugars and health, including diabetes, physical activity, and dental health.

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• August 2007 - Effect of TV viewing on the regulation of energy intake

  Effect of Television Viewing at Mealtime on Food Intake After a Glucose Preload

  Bellissimo N, Pencharz PB, Thomas SG, Anderson GH.
  Department of Nutritional Sciences [N.B., P.B.P., G.H.A.], Department of Paediatrics [P.B.P.], Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E2, Canada; Faculty of Physical Education and Health [S.G.T.], University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 2W6, Canada.
  Pediatric Research, 2007, 61(6):745-749.

  Television viewing (TVV) is considered a contributing factor to the development of childhood obesity yet it is unclear whether obesity results, in part, from increased energy intake during TVV. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of TVV on food intake (FI) of boys at a meal and its effect on caloric compensation at the test meal after a premeal glucose drink.

  On four separate mornings and in random order, boys received equally sweetened preloads containing Splenda sucralose or glucose [1.0 g/kg body weight (BW)] in 250 mL of water 2 h after a standard breakfast. Food intake from a pizza meal was measured 30 min later with or without TVV. Both preload treatment (p < 0.01) and TVV (p < 0.001) affected FI (kcal). TVV increased lunchtime FI by an average of 228 kcal. Glucose suppressed FI in the no TVV condition compared with control, but the effect was not statistically significant during TVV. Body composition and subjective appetite scores were positively associated with FI at the test lunch.

  In conclusion, TVV while eating a meal contributes to increased energy intake by delaying normal mealtime satiation and reducing satiety signals from previously consumed foods.

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• June 2007 - Added Sugars and Micronutrient Intake: a Systematic Review

  Associations Between Dietary Added Sugar Intake and Micronutrient Intake: a Systematic Review

  Rennie K, and Livingstone B.
  Northern Ireland Centre for Food and Health, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulster, Coleraine BT52 1SA, UK.
  British Journal of Nutrition, 2007, 97: 832-841

  There is increasing concern that high intakes of added sugars might compromise intakes of micronutrients. The objectives of this systematic review were (1) to determine whether dietary added sugar intake was associated with micronutrient intakes, and if so, whether there was evidence of micronutrient dilution as a result of higher dietary added sugar intake and (2) if micronutrient dilution was present, to determine whether there was sufficiently robust evidence to support a threshold effect above which there was a significant decline in micronutrient intake or status relative to the recommended intakes.

  A systematic computerised literature search was undertaken, limited to studies written in English published from 1980 onwards and further studies identified through hand searching papers. Fifteen studies that assessed associations between intakes of added sugars or non-milk extrinsic sugars and micronutrients were included.

  Overall, there are insufficient data and inconsistency between studies in relationships between added sugars and micronutrient intakes, with no clear evidence of micronutrient dilution or a threshold for a quantitative amount of added sugar intake for any of the micronutrients investigated. The current evidence base is considerably constrained by methodological issues. Further research is required to determine which food products high in added sugars might adversely affect micronutrient intakes by displacing other food items from the diet. Analyses should take into account the magnitude of any observed associations to determine their true biological significance.

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• April 2007 - Beverages and Body Weight: A Scientific Revie

  Liquid Calories, Sugar and Body Weight

  Drewnowski A, and Bellisle F.
  Center for Public Health Nutrition, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine.
  American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 2007, 85(3): 651-661

  The consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages has been linked to rising rates of obesity in the United States. The standard explanation is that energy-containing liquids are less satiating than are solid foods. However, purely physiologic mechanisms do not fully account for the proposed links between liquid sugar energy and body weight change. First, a re-evaluation of published epidemiologic studies of consumption of sweetened beverages and overweight shows that most such studies either are cross-sectional or are based on passive surveillance of temporal trends and thus permit no conclusions about causal links. Second, research evidence comparing the short-term satiating power of different types of liquids and of solids remains inconclusive. Numerous clinical studies have shown that sugar-containing liquids, when consumed in place of usual meals, can lead to a significant and sustained weight loss. The principal ingredient of liquid meal replacement shakes is sugar, often high-fructose corn syrup, which is present in amounts comparable to those in soft drinks. Far from suppressing satiety, one such liquid shake is marketed on the grounds that it helps control hunger and prevents hunger longer when consumed for the purpose of weight loss. These inconsistencies raise the question whether the issue of sugars and body weight should continue to be framed purely in metabolic or physiologic terms. The effect of sugar consumption on body weight can also depend on behavioral intent, context, and the mode of use, availability, and cost of sweetened liquids.

  Link to abstract
  Link to full text

  Other recent review articles from the same authors include:

  • Intense sweeteners, energy intake and the control of body weight European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 2007 [Epub ahead of print]
  • Is sweetness addictive? Nutrition Bulletin, 2007, 32 (s1), 52–60.

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• February 2007 - Simple Carbohydrates and Obesity: Fact, Fiction and Future

  Simple Carbohydrates and Obesity: Fact, Fiction and Future

  Supplement to the International Journal of Obesity, December 2006; 30:S1-S783

  These proceedings are a summary of an international workshop held on April 5-6, 2006 in Utrecht, The Netherlands. The papers presented in this journal supplement provide an interesting and authoritative perspective on a very complex and conflicting topic in nutritional science. The workshop was set up to discuss three major topic areas which included:

  1. the roles and mechanisms for the contribution of macronutrients (carbohydrates, protein and fat) on energy intake, body weight regulation and obesity;
  2. review of the evidence regarding the relative impact of sugars-sweetened beverages and solid foods on energy intake and the development of obesity; and
  3. the complex assessment of the potential role of glycemic index and low GI foods in body weight control and the prevention and management of obesity and other chronic diseases.

  For each major topic in this supplement, speakers were invited to prepare a paper in advance of the workshop. These papers were sent to a first discussant to write a critical review. During the workshop, the speaker presented their paper, followed by a reply by the first discussant and a plenary discussion with all experts. After the workshop authors were able to update their papers based on the discussions.

  Link to abstracts below.

  Simple carbohydrates and obesity:
  Fact, Fiction and Future

  Guest Editors: W H M Saris and G D Foster
  Workshop held at Karel V Hotel, Utrecht, The Netherlands, 5–6 April 2006
  Volume 30, Issue S3 (December 2006)

  Table of Contents

  Introduction
  Simple carbohydrates and obesity: Fact, Fiction and Future
  W H M Saris and G D Foster

  Review
  Carbohydrates as macronutrients in relation to protein and fat for body weight control
  A Astrup

  Response
  Do favourable effects of increasing unsaturated fat intake on cardiovascular disease risk outweigh the potential adverse effect on body weight?
  P L Zock

  Review
  Dietary protein, metabolism, and body-weight regulation: dose-response effects
  M S Westerterp-Plantenga, N Luscombe-Marsh, M P G M Lejeune, K Diepvens, A Nieuwenhuizen, M P K J Engelen, N E P Deutz, D Azzout-Marniche, D Tome and K R Westerterp

  Response
  Prevention and treatment of obesity and related complications: a role for protein?
  E E Blaak

  Review
  The possible role of sugar-sweetened beverages in obesity etiology: a review of the evidence
  M Pereira

  Response
  Assessing the evidence for sugar-sweetened beverages in the aetiology of obesity, a question of control
  S French and P Morris

  Review
  Low-glycaemic index diets and body weight regulation
  J McMillan-Price and J Brand-Miller

  Response
  Low glycemic index diets and body weight
  B Sloth and A Astrup

  Review
  Sugars-containing beverages and post-prandial satiety and food intake
  G H Anderson

  Response
  Beverages and positive energy balance: the menace is the medium
  R D Mattes

  Review
  Dietary glycaemic index from an epidemiological point of view
  E J M Feskens and H Du

  Response
  Physiological mechanisms and observed health impacts related to the glycaemic index: some observations
  T M S Wolever

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