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Scientific Research
This section highlights current scientific research related to
glycemic carbohydrate, sugars and health.
General Health
Candy consumption was not associated with body weight measures, risk factors for cardiovascular disease, or metabolic syndrome in US adults: NHANES 1999-2004
O'Neil CE, Fulgoni VL, III, Nicklas TA. Nutrition Research 2011;31:122-130.
Association of candy consumption with body weight measures, other health risk factors for cardiovascular disease, and diet quality in US children and adolescents: NHANES 1999-2004
O'Neil CE, Fulgoni VL, III, Nicklas TA. Food & Nutrition Research 2011;55.
Is Sugar Consumption Detrimental to Health? A Review of the Evidence 1995-2006.
Ruxton CH, Gardner EJ, McNulty HM. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition 2010;50:1-19.
Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy, Carbohydrate, Fiber, Fat, Fatty Acids, Cholesterol, Protein, and Amino Acids (Macronutrients).
Institute of Medicine, Washington, DC: National Academies Press, 2005.
Position of the American Dietetic Association: use of nutritive and nonnutritive sweeteners.
American Dietetic Association. Journal of the American Dietetic Association 2004;104:255-275.
An evidence-based approach to the development of national dietary guidelines.
Cooper MJ, Zlotkin SH. Journal of the American Dietetic Association 2003;103:S28-S33.
Position of the American Dietetic Association: total diet approach to communicating food and nutrition information.
Freeland-Graves J, Nitzke S. Journal of the American Dietetic Association 2002;102:100-108.
Carbohydrates in human nutrition (FAO Food and Nutrition Paper, No. 66).
Report of a Joint WHO/FAO Expert Consultation. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 1998.
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Behaviour
The plausibility of sugar addiction and its role in obesity and eating disorders.
Benton D. Clinical Nutrition. 2010;29:288-303.
Sucrose and behavioural problems
Benton D. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition 2008;48:385-401.
Effects of saccharides on brain function and cognitive performance.
Best T et al. Nutrition Reviews 2005;63:409-418.
Utilizing an oral sucrose solution to minimize neonatal pain.
Thompson DG. Journal for Specialists in Pediatric Nursing 2005;10:3-10.
Effects of diet on behaviour and cognition in children.
Bellisle F. British Journal of Nutrition 2004;92:S227-S232.
Glucose improvement of memory: a review.
Messier C. European Journal of Pharmacology 2004;490:33-57.
Carbohydrate, memory, and mood
Benton D, Nabb S. Nutrition Reviews 2003;61:S61-S67.
Dietary carbohydrate, glucose regulation, and cognitive performance in elderly persons.
Greenwood CE. Nutrition Reviews 2003;61:S68-S74.
Nutrition, brain function and cognitive performance.
Lieberman HR. Appetite 2003;40:245-254.
Carbohydrate ingestion, blood glucose and mood.
Benton D. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews 2002;26:293-308.
Enhancing cognitive function across the life span.
Korol, DL. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 2002;959:167-179.
Hyperactivity: is candy causal?
Krummel DA, Seligson FH, Guthrie HA. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition 1996;36:31-47.
Effect of sugar on behavior and mental performance.
White JW, Wolraich M. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1995;62:S242-S247.
The effect of sugar on behavior or cognition in children. A meta-analysis.
Wolraich ML et al. Journal of the American Medical Association 1995;274:1617-1621.
Does sucrose or aspartame cause hyperactivity in children?
Kanarek RB. Nutrition Reviews 1994;52:173-175.
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Consumption
Consumption of added sugars is decreasing in the United States.
Welsh JA, Sharma AJ, Grellinger L, Vos MB. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2011;94:726-734.
The Australian Paradox: A Substantial Decline in Sugars Intake over the Same Timeframe that Overweight and Obesity Have Increased
Barclay AW, Brand-Miller J. Nutrients 2011;3:491-504.
Beverage consumption of Canadian adults
Statistics Canada, November 2008
Beverage consumption of children and teens
Statistics Canada, November 2008
Food Statistics
Statistics Canada, 2009
Proportion of the US population whose intakes of added sugars exceed the suggested maximum in the dietary reference intakes.
Kaplan RJ. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2004;80:524.
Defining and interpreting intakes of sugars.
Sigman-Grant M, Morita J. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2003;78:S815-S826.
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Dental Health
Position of the American Dietetic Association: Oral health and nutrition.
Touger-Decker R et al. Journal of the American Dietetic Association 2003;103:615-625.
Sugars and dental caries.
Touger-Decker R, van Loveren C. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2003;78:S881-S892.
The role of diet in caries prevention.
van Loveren C, Duggal MS. International Dental Journal 2001;51:399-406.
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Diabetes
The evidence for medical nutrition therapy for type 1 and type 2 diabetes in adults
Franz MJ, et al. Journal of the American Dietetic Association 2010;110:1852-1889.
Canadian Diabetes Association 2008 Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Prevention and Management of Diabetes in Canada
Canadian Journal of Diabetes 2008;31:S1-S201.
Nutrition Recommendations and Interventions for Diabetes: A position statement of the American Diabetes Association
Diabetes Care 2008;31:S61-S78.
Long-term effects of 2 energy-restricted diets differing in glycemic load on dietary adherence, body composition, and metabolism in CALERIE:a 1-y randomized controlled trial
Krupa Das et al. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2007;85:1023-1030.
Glycemic Index and glycemic load: measurement issues and their effect on diet-disease relationships.
Venn BJ, Green TJ. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2007;61:S122-S131
Critical Review of the International Guidelines: What Is Agreed upon – What Is Not?
Katsilambros N et al. In Bantle JP, Slama G (eds): Nutritional Management of Diabetes Mellitus and Dysmetabolic Syndrome. Nestlé Nutr Workshop Ser Clin Perform Program. Nestec Ltd., Vevey/S. Karger AG, Basel, 2006, vol 11, pp 207-218.
Determining the relationship between dietary carbohydrate intake and insulin resistance.
McClenaghan NH. Nutrition Research Reviews 2005;18:222-240.
The role of the glycemic index in the prevention and management of diabetes; a review and discussion.
Kalergis M, De Grandpré, Ansersons C. Canadian Journal of Diabetes 2005;29:27-38.
Dietary carbohydrate (amount and type) in the prevention and management of diabetes: a statement by the American Diabetes Association.
Sheard NF et al. Diabetes Care 2004;27:2266-2271.
Glycaemic index.
Arvidsson-Lenner R et al. Scandinavian Journal of Nutrition 2004;48:84-94.
Meta-analysis of the health effects of using the glycaemic index in meal-planning.
Opperman AM et al. British Journal of Nutrition 2004;92:367-381.
Systematic review of the dietary management of children with type 1 diabetes.
Buccino J et al. Canadian Journal of Diabetes 2004;28:219-225.
Carbohydrate and the regulation of blood glucose and metabolism.
Wolever TM. Nutrition Reviews 2003;61:S40-S48.
Glycemic load and chronic disease.
Brand-Miller JC. Nutrition Reviews 2003;61:S49-S55.
Sugars and starch in the nutritional management of diabetes mellitus.
Kelley DE. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2003;78:S858-S864.
Sugars, insulin sensitivity, and the postprandial state.
Daly M. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2003;78:S865-S872.
Evidence-based nutrition principles and recommendations for the treatment and prevention of diabetes and related complications (Technical Review).
Franz MJ et al. Diabetes Care 2002;25:148-198.
Sugar alcohols and diabetes: a review.
Wolever TM, Piekarz A, Hollands M, Younker K. Canadian Journal of Diabetes 2002;26:356-362.
Glycemic index and disease.
Pi-Sunyer X. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2002;76:S290-S298.
Glycemic index: overview of implications in health and disease.
Jenkins DJ et al. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2002;76:S266-S273.
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Micronutrient Intake
Associations between dietary added sugar intake and micronutrient intake: a systematic review
Rennie K, and Livingstone B. British Journal of Nutrition, 2007;97:832-841.
Controversy and statistical issues in the use of nutrient densities in assessing diet quality.
Forshee RA, Storey ML. Journal of Nutrition 2004;134:2733-2737.
Intake of sugars in relation to fatness and micronutrient adequacy.
Bolton-Smith C. International Journal of Obesity 1996;20:S31-S33.
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Physical Activity
Nutrition and Athletic Performance: Joint Position Paper
Dietitians of Canada, American College of Sports Medicine, American Dietetic Association. Medicine & Science in Sports Exercise 2009;41:709-731
International Society of Sports Nutrition position stand: Nutrient timing
Kerksick et al. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition. 2008;5:17.
Can nutrition limit exercise-induced immunodepression?
Gleeson M. Nutrition Reviews 2006;64:119-131.
Carbohydrates and fat for training and recovery.
Burke LM, Kiens B, Ivy JL. Journal of Sports Sciences 2004;22:15-30.
Pre-exercise carbohydrate and fat ingestion: effects on metabolism and performance.
Hargreaves M, Hawley L, Jeukendrup A. Journal of Sports Sciences 2004;22:31-38.
Use of the glycemic index: effects on feeding patterns and exercise performance.
Siu PM, Wong SH. Journal of Physiological Anthropology and Applied Human Science 2004;23:1-6.
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Weight Management
Intake of added sugars is not associated with weight measures in children 6 to 18 years: National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys 2003-2006
Nicklas TA, O'Neil CE, Liu Y. Nutrition Research 2011;31:338-346.
Nutritively sweetened beverage consumption and body weight: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized experiments
Mattes RD, Shikany JM, Kaiser KA, Allison DB. Obesity Reviews 2011;12:346-365.
The future of obesity reduction: beyond weight loss
Ross R, Bradshaw AJ. Nature Reviews Endocrinology 2009;5:319-325.
Consumption of sugars and body weight
van Baak MA, Astrup, A. Obesity Reviews 2009;10:S9-S23.
Sugar-sweetened Beverages and Body Mass Index in Children and Adolescents: a Meta-analysis.
Forshee RA, Anderson PA, Storey ML. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2008;87:1662-1671.
Effects of glucose-to-fructose ratios in solutions on subjective satiety, food intake, and satiety hormones in young men
Akhavan T, Anderson GH. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2007;86:1354-1363.
Carbohydrate Quantity and Quality in Relation to Body Mass Index
Gaesser GA. Journal of the American Dietetic Association 2007;107:1768-1780.
Simple Carbohydrates and Obesity: Fact, Fiction and Future
Supplement to the International Journal of Obesity, December 2006; 30:S1-S783.
Liquid calories, sugar, and body weight
Drewnowski A, Bellisle F. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2007;85:651-661.
Putative contributors to the secular increase in obesity: exploring the roads less traveled
Keith SW et al. International Journal of Obesity 2006;30:1585-94.
Is there an association between sweetened beverages and adiposity?
Bachman CM, Baranowski T, Nicklas TA. Nutrition Reviews 2006;64:153-174.
A risk analysis model of the relationship between beverage consumption from school vending machines and risk of adolescent overweight.
Forshee RA, Storey ML, Ginevan ME. Risk Analysis 2005;25:1121-1135.
Comparison of overweight and obesity prevalence in school-aged youth from 34 countries and their relationships with physical activity and dietary patterns.
Janssen I et al. Obesity Reviews 2005;6:123-132.
Safety of low-carbohydrate diets.
Crowe TC. Obesity Reviews 2005;6:235-245.
Atkins and other low-carbohydrate diets: hoax or an effective tool for weight loss?
Astrup A, Meinert Larsen T, Harper A. Lancet 2004;364:897-899.
Dietary energy density and body weight: is there a relationship?.
Drewnowski A et al. Nutrition Reviews 2004;62:403-413.
Is there an optimal macronutrient mix for weight loss and weight maintenance?
Wilkinson DL, McCargar L. Best Practice and Research Clinical Gastroenterology 2004;18:1031-1047.
Role of parents in the determination of the food preferences of children and the development of obesity.
Benton D. International Journal of Obesity 2004;28:858-869.
What are the long-term benefits of weight reducing diets in adults? A systematic review of randomized controlled trials.
Avenell A et al. Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics 2004;17:317-335.
Consumption of sugars and the regulation of short-term satiety and food intake.
Anderson GH, Woodend D. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2003;78:S843-S849.
Effect of glycemic carbohydrates on short-term satiety and food intake.
Anderson GH, Woodend D. Nutrition Reviews, 2003;61:S17-S26.
Efficacy and safety of low-carbohydrate diets: a systematic review.
Bravata DM et al. Journal of the American Medical Association 2003;289:1837-1850.
Glycemic carbohydrate and body weight regulation.
Saris WH. Nutrition Reviews 2003;61:S10-S16.
Liquid calories and the failure of satiety: how good is the evidence?.
Almiron-Roig E et al. Obesity Reviews 2003;4:201-212.
Sugars, energy metabolism, and body weight control.
Saris WH. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2003;78:S850-S857.
A comparison of low-carbohydrate vs. high-carbohydrate diets: energy restriction, nutrient quality and correlation to body mass index.
Bowman SA, Spence JT. Journal of the American College of Nutrition 2002;21:268-274.
Low-fat diets are preferred.
Jequier E, Bray GA. American Journal of Medicine 2002;113:S41-S46.
Pathways to obesity.
Jequier E. International Journal of Obesity 2002;26:S12-S17.
Dietary protein and weight reduction: a statement for healthcare professionals from the Nutrition Committee of the Council on Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Metabolism of the American Heart Association.
St Jeor ST et al. Circulation 2001;104:1869-1874.
Popular diets: correlation to health, nutrition, and obesity.
Kennedy ET et al. Journal of the American Dietetic Association 2001;101:411-420.
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Other Health Topics
Efficacy of sweet solutions for analgesia in infants between 1 and 12 months of age: a systematic review
Harrison D, et al. Archives of Disease in Childhood 2010;95:406-413.
Sugars, hypertriglyceridemia, and cardiovascular disease.
Fried SK, Rao SP. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2003;78:S873-S880.
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Terminology
Carbohydrate Terminology and Classification
Cummings JH, Stephen AM. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2007;61:S5-S18
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